Subsidized rental housing and homelessness under Alberta’s first UCP government

Subsidized rental housing and homelessness under Alberta’s first UCP government

Subsidized rental housing and homelessness under Alberta’s first UCP government

La version française de ce billet se trouve ici.

I’ve just written a lengthy book chapter about subsidized rental housing and homelessness in Alberta under the Jason Kenney government (2019-2022). Edited by Trevor Harrison and Ric Acuna, the book is titled Anger and Angst: Jason Kenney’s Legacy and Alberta’s Right. It is published by Black Rose Books and can be purchased here.

Five things to know:

1. On a per capita basis, Alberta has far less subsidized housing than the rest of Canada. Alberta’s rate of social housing—i.e., social housing as a percentage of all housing stock—is just 2.9%. For Canada as a whole, the figure is 4.2%. Put differently, Alberta has some catching up to do!

2. Political theatrics aside, the UCP has been a decent partner with the Government of Canada…at least on the housing file. Federal leadership on housing and homelessness in Canada saw a rebirth of sorts in 2017, when the Government of Canada (GoC) announced the long-awaited National Housing Strategy. Alberta signed its bilateral agreement with the GoC in March 2019, securing the maximum federal amounts available—and in order to secure these funds, the Government of Alberta had to provide a substantial amount of provincial funding.

3. In November 2021, the Government of Alberta (GoA) released a 10-year provincial housing strategy. Among other things, the strategy seeks to: reduce the GoA’s role in property ownership; increase mixed-income housing options; create more subsidized rental units; and provide more demand-side assistance (e.g., rent supplements). While laudable goals, most of the strategy’s commitments have yet to be funded—so the strategy is like a North Star without sufficient funding authority.

4. In October 2022, the UCP announced $63 million over two years in new funding for homelessness. This important new funding will help equalize funding between Edmonton and Calgary (Calgary had previously been receiving more per-capita homelessness funding). It will also help to expand the number of emergency shelter spaces for the winter months, and help all provincially-funded emergency shelters offer 24-7 access (many shelters had previously required that residents leave during the day).

5. The UCP has made harm reduction a wedge issue. Harm reduction focuses on reducing harm caused by drug use without requiring total abstinence. Harm reduction approaches include the distribution of clean syringes, safe inhalation kits and supervised consumption services. While not a central focus of this chapter, most harm reduction initiatives tend to target persons experiencing homelessness. The UCP has reduced access to harm reduction services, which has likely resulted in poorer health outcomes for vulnerable persons and premature loss of life.

In sum. Under Premier Jason Kenney, the UCP released a laudable housing strategy, albeit one with insufficient funding. Having said that, it did make impressive funding commitments pertaining to homelessness. Meanwhile, it turned harm reduction into a wedge issue, reversing much progress that had previously been made in Alberta.

I wish to thank Sylvia Regnier and Alex Tétreault for assistance with this blog post.

 

Subsidized rental housing and homelessness under Alberta’s first UCP government

Les logements locatifs subventionnés et l’itinérance sous le premier gouvernement PCU de l’Alberta

Les logements locatifs subventionnés et l’itinérance sous le premier gouvernement PCU de l’Alberta

An English version of this blog post is available here.

Je viens de contribuer à un ouvrage, offrant un survol du gouvernement de Jason Kenney (2019-2022), un chapitre portant sur les logements locatifs subventionnés et l’itinérance en Alberta. Édité par Trevor Harrison et Ric Acuna, le livre Anger and Angst : Jason Kenney’s Legacy and Alberta’s Right est paru le mois dernier chez Black Rose Books. Vous pouvez vous procurer une copie ici.

Voici cinq choses à savoir :

1. Au prorata de la population, l’Alberta a beaucoup moins de logements subventionnés que la moyenne canadienne. Son taux de logement social — c’est-à-dire le pourcentage de la réserve de logement albertaine que représente le logement social — est de seulement 2,9 %. Pour le Canada dans son ensemble, le taux est de 4,2 %. Autrement dit, l’Alberta a du rattrapage à faire!

2. Outre les aspects théâtraux de sa politique, le Parti conservateur uni (PCU) a été un partenaire adéquat du Gouvernement du Canada… au moins dans le dossier du logement. Le leadership fédéral en matière de logement et d’itinérance au Canada a vécu une sorte de renaissance en 2017 lorsque le Gouvernement du Canada a annoncé sa Stratégie nationale sur le logement. L’Alberta a signé une entente bilatérale en mars 2019, sécurisant les contributions maximales du gouvernement fédéral — afin de sécuriser ces fonds, la province a dû elle-même investir des sommes importantes.

3. En novembre 2021, le Gouvernement de l’Alberta a lancé un plan d’action sur le logement, s’étendant sur 10 ans. Entre autres, la stratégie cherche à : réduire le rôle du gouvernement provincial comme propriétaire de logements ; augmenter la disponibilité des logements à revenus mixtes ; créer plus d’unités de logement subventionnées ; et fournir davantage d’appui du côté de la demande (p. ex. des suppléments au loyer). Bien qu’ils soient des objectifs louables, la majorité des engagements énumérés dans la stratégie n’ont pas encore été financés — faisant de la stratégie une étoile du nord sans autorité financière suffisante.

4. En octobre 2022, le PCU a annoncé du nouveau financement pour l’itinérance à la hauteur de 63 $ millions sur deux ans. Ce nouveau financement aidera à équilibrer le financement reçu par Edmonton et Calgary — cette dernière recevait plus de financement au prorata de sa population. Ces argents aideront aussi à augmenter les espaces disponibles dans les logements d’urgence pendant l’hiver et à permettre à tous les centres subventionnés par la province d’offrir des services 24-7 (plusieurs logements d’urgence exigeaient que ses résident∙es quittent les lieux pendant le jour).

5. Le PCU a fait de la réduction des méfaits une pomme de discorde. La réduction des méfaits est une approche qui met l’accent sur la réduction des dangers posés par la consommation de drogues licites autant qu’illicites sans exiger l’abstention totale. Des méthodes préconisées par cette approche incluent la distribution de seringues stériles et des trousses d’inhalation sûre, en plus de services de consommation supervisés. Quoique ce n’est pas un point central de ce chapitre, la majorité des initiatives de réduction des méfaits ciblent les gens vivant en situation d’itinérance. Le PCU a réduit l’accès aux services de réduction des méfaits, décision qui a probablement mené à des problèmes de santé et des décès prématurés chez des personnes vulnérables.

En conclusion. Sous le premier ministre Jason Kenney, le PCU a lancé une stratégie de logement louable, bien qu’on n’y ait pas attribué le financement nécessaire. Cela étant dit, cette stratégie nomme des engagements importants en ce qui a trait à l’itinérance. Entre-temps, il a fait de la réduction des méfaits une question pointue, renversant de façon importante le progrès qui avait été fait en Alberta.

J’aimerais remercier Sylvia Regnier et Alex Tétreault pour leur appui avec ce billet.

Emergency facilities

Emergency facilities

Emergency facilities

La version française de ce billet se trouve ici.

I’m writing an open access e-book on homelessness and have just released Chapter 4 titled “Emergency facilities.” The PDF version of the full chapter is available here

Ten things to know:

1. In principle, emergency facilities—sometimes known as shelters or hostels—serve important functions. In theory, persons without safe housing can quickly gain entry to them, ideally for a short time, until they can leave the facility for housing. Such facilities can keep vulnerable persons alive, and relatively safe, until more appropriate accommodation is available.

2. The types of services offered at emergency facilities vary enormously, even within the same community. At a very basic level, these may consist of: a mat, bed or area of a floor to sleep on; a blanket and sometimes a pillow; washrooms, laundry and shower facilities; the storage of belongings; food; telephones; staff assistance in the resolution of conflict among residents; and a postal address to receive mail.

3. The quality of emergency facilities varies considerably. Some large communities in high-income countries have many large facilities with considerable sophistication. But many communities—especially in rural areas—have much more basic facilities. Unfortunately, some communities have no emergency accommodation at all.

4. Emergency facilities are usually not purpose-built. Due to cost constraints, the buildings used as these facilities were typically designed for other purposes. Previous uses include office buildings, warehouses, restaurants, factories, schools, church basements, garages and prisons. Having said that, some are purpose-built.

5. Staff in emergency facilities do important work, but they’re usually not well-paid. The most basic roles performed by staff at emergency facilities include intakes, conflict de-escalation/security, cleaning and food preparation. Persons working in emergency facilities are typically offered low pay and few if any benefits—but some facilities, especially government-run facilities, offer better remuneration in accordance with public sector union standards.

6. Patterns of stay by residents vary enormously. Such patterns are determined in part by each individual’s personal circumstances, rules at the facility, services offered at the facility and the availability of affordable (and appropriate) housing. Researchers often group such stays into three categories: transitional (meaning the person’s homelessness tends to self-resolve after just a few days or months); episodic (meaning the person cycles in and out of emergency facilities in a rather unstable manner); and chronic (meaning the person stays in the emergency facility for many months and even years at a time).

7. Privacy in any real sense is virtually non-existent in most emergency facilities. Residents sometimes sleep as little as one foot away from strangers. In such situations, information privacy is hard to preserve, as is privacy in a physical sense (e.g., having to change one’s clothing in front of strangers, coping with a bathroom emergency in front of other persons).

8. Housing support matters. At the Calgary Drop-In, new residents are assigned a housing worker immediately upon access, and a housing plan is put in place within a day. Staff then take residents to view units. Funding is provided by the shelter to assist prospective tenants with first month’s rent, damage deposit, moving and other needs. All shelter residents who receive assistance with housing have access to at least three months of case management (i.e., social work) support. (Note: most emergency facilities do not provide this degree of housing assistance.)

9. Many emergency facilities provide 24/7 access. There are several advantages to keeping emergency facilities open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Doing so can increase safety for residents. It can also encourage residents to access services provided inside the facility. Further, it allows people to catch up on sleep during the day. Finally, it can promote community acceptance (by reducing visible homelessness during the day and likely discouraging rough sleeping).

10. Funding and regulatory leadership from government can make a difference. Ideally, all orders of government should work collaboratively both with each other and with non-profit organizations delivering services. They should encourage promising practices while both respecting local context (e.g., unique needs and constraints of some communities) and offering the operators of emergency facilities room to innovate.

In sum. This is a summary of Chapter 4 of a sole-authored, open access interdisciplinary textbook intended to provide an introduction to homelessness for students, service providers, researchers, policy-makers and advocates. All material for this book is available free of charge here. Newly-completed chapters will be uploaded throughout the year.

I wish to thank Sylvia Regnier and Alex Tétreault for assistance with this blog post. I also wish to thank Homes First Society for use of the photo that appears above.

Emergency facilities

Centres d’urgence

Centres d’urgence

An English version of this blog post is available here.

J’écris un livre numérique à libre accès portant sur l’itinérance et je viens de lancer le quatrième chapitre, intitulé « Centres d’urgence ». La version PDF du chapitre intégral est disponible ici (en

Voici dix choses à savoir :

1. En principe, les centres d’urgence — parfois connus sous le nom de refuge — servent des fonctions importantes. En théorie, des personnes sans logement sécuritaire peuvent rapidement y accéder, idéalement pour une courte durée de temps, avant de quitter le centre pour un logement. De tels centres aident à garder des personnes vulnérables relativement saines et sauves jusqu’à ce qu’un logement approprié devienne disponible.

2. Les types de services offerts dans les centres d’urgence varient beaucoup, même dans une même communauté. On peut probablement compter parmi ces services de base : un matelas, un lit ou un espace au sol où dormir ; une couverture et parfois un oreiller ; des toilettes, des douches et des services de buanderie ; un espace de rangement pour les biens personnels ; de la nourriture ; des téléphones ; une équipe appuyant la résolution de conflits ; et une adresse postale permettant de recevoir du courrier.

3. La qualité des centres d’urgence varie de façon considérable. De grandes communautés dans des pays à revenu élevé se sont dotées de grands centres avec une certaine sophistication. Mais plusieurs communautés — surtout en milieu rural — ont des installations beaucoup plus élémentaires. Malheureusement, certaines communautés n’ont aucun logement d’urgence du tout.

4. Les centres d’urgence sont rarement construits ou aménagés à cet effet. En raison de contraintes budgétaires, l’infrastructure utilisée a souvent été conçue à d’autres fins, comme des bureaux, des entrepôts, des restaurants, des usines, des écoles, des églises, des garages et des prisons. Cela étant dit, certains centres sont construits sur mesure.

5. Le personnel des centres d’urgence fait du travail important, mais est rarement bien payé. On compte parmi leurs responsabilités de base l’admission, la résolution de conflits et la sécurité, le nettoyage et la préparation des repas. Les personnes qui travaillent dans ces centres gagnent typiquement de faibles salaires et ont rarement des avantages sociaux — certains centres, surtout ceux gérés par l’État, offrent une meilleure rémunération en conformément aux standards des syndicats de la fonction publique.

6. Les modèles de séjour des personnes utilisant les centres varient énormément. Celles-ci sont déterminées en partie des circonstances personnelles de chaque individu, des règles en place au centre, des services offerts et de la disponibilité de logement abordable et approprié. En recherche, on regroupe ces types d’itinérance en trois catégories : situationnelle (voulant dire que la situation d’une personne a tendance à se résoudre au bout de quelques jours ou mois) ; cyclique (voulant dire qu’une personne a recours à un centre d’urgence de manière récurrente, mais à intervalles variables) ; et chronique (voulant dire qu’une personne a recours aux services d’un centre d’urgence pendant plusieurs mois ou même plusieurs années de suite).

7. La véritable vie privée est quasiment inexistante dans la majorité des centres d’urgence. Parfois, les gens couchent avec à peine un pied de distance entre eux et les autres. Dans de telles situations, la confidentialité des informations est difficile à assurer, en plus de la vie privée au sens physique (p. ex. devoir changer ses vêtements ou gérer une urgence de toilette devant les autres).

8. L’aide au logement aide beaucoup. Au centre d’accueil de Calgary, les personnes nouvellement admises sont affectées à un membre de l’équipe dès leur arrivée et un plan de logement est mis en place en dedans d’une journée. L’équipe les emmène ensuite faire une tournée de logements. Du financement est fourni par le centre pour appuyer les locataires prospectifs à payer entre autres le premier paiement d’un loyer, le dépôt de sécurité et le déménagement. Toute personne recevant ce soutien a également accès à au moins trois mois de soutien en gestion de cas (c.-à-d. de ressources en travail social). (Note : la majorité des centres d’urgence ne fournissent pas ce niveau d’aide au logement).

9. Plusieurs centres d’urgence offrent un accès 24/7. Il existe de nombreux avantages liés à un fonctionnement de 24 heures par jour, 7 jours par semaine. Ces heures d’ouverture peuvent augmenter la sécurité des personnes résidentes. Elles peuvent aussi encourager ces personnes à faire appel aux services offerts par le centre. De plus, ceci permet aux gens de dormir le jour. Finalement, ça peut contribuer à promouvoir l’acceptation communautaire (en réduisant la visibilité de l’itinérance durant le jour et découragé de dormir à la dure).

10. Le financement et le leadership réglementaire gouvernemental font une différence. Idéalement, tous les ordres de gouvernements collaboreraient entre eux et avec des organismes à but non lucratif livrant des services. Ils devraient encourager des pratiques prometteuses tout en respectant le contexte local (p. ex. les besoins et contraintes uniques de certaines communautés) et offrir aux gestionnaires des centres d’urgence la latitude pour innover.

En conclusion. Ceci est un sommaire du troisième chapitre d’un manuel à auteur unique, interdisciplinaire et à libre accès ayant comme but d’offrir une introduction à l’itinérance pour des étudiant.e.s, des fournisseurs.euses de services, des chercheurs.ses, des décideurs.euses politiques et des intervenant.e.s. Tout le contenu du manuel est disponible gratuitement ici (en anglais seulement). Les chapitres seront téléversés au courant de l’année à mesure qu’ils sont complétés.

Je souhaite remercier Sylvia Regnier et Alex Tétreault pour leur appui avec ce billet. Je souhaite également remercier la Homes First Society pour l’usage de la photo ci-dessus.

The co-op difference: Comparing co-op and market rents in five Canadian cities

The co-op difference: Comparing co-op and market rents in five Canadian cities

The co-op difference: Comparing co-op and market rents in five Canadian cities

La version française de ce billet se trouve ici.

The Co-operative Housing Federation of Canada has just released a study comparing rents in co-op housing units to rents of similar private-sector market units in Victoria, Vancouver, Edmonton, Toronto and Ottawa[1] for the period 2006–2021. I played a small role in writing the report, along with Greg Suttor (the report’s lead author) and Chidom Otogwu (who led the quantitative analysis).

Ten things to know:

1. It’s important to understand what co-op housing is about in Canada. Most co-op housing in Canada is non-profit in nature and is a form of community housing, in which the property is owned and controlled collectively by the member residents through a Board of Directors they elect from amongst themselves, without individual ownership.

2. Co-op housing involves income mix. There is an intentional income mix among member residents—typically, a portion of the homes in a given co-op are reserved for low-income households who receive separate rental assistance geared to their income, which enables them to affordably pay the rent.

3. Co-op housing is a public investment. Historically in Canada, co-op housing was usually developed with capital and operating support from government. Proponents of co-op housing have argued that this investment pays off over the long term (spoiler alert: our study findings confirm this).

4. This study strives to compare ‘apples to apples.’ To compare rent levels of mature[2] co-ops in Canadian cities to those of comparable private-sector market rental buildings over time, it compares buildings of similar structure (townhouse vs. apartment building) and number of bedrooms. Similarly, the study does not include co-op units that have the much lower Rent Geared to Income (RGI) rents that a minority of co-op households pay (as per point #2 above).

5. The study benefits from a rich dataset. Using data provided by both the Agency for Co-operative Housing and the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, the co-op stock studied includes about 7,900 units in apartment buildings and 7,500 townhouses, with 15 years of detailed unit-by-unit data for co-ops, and detailed Rental Market Survey data for the private market stock.

6. The study finds co-op rents to be consistently lower than market rents for apartments and townhouses, with the gap widening over time. Co-op rents for 1- and 2-bedroom apartments were found to be approximately 25% below market (between $150 and $250 per month difference) in the early part of the study period, and this widened to approximately 33% (reaching $400 to $500 difference monthly) in the later years. Co-op rents have also remained moderate over the past five years even while private-landlord rents escalated steeply.

7. There’s a long-term benefit to co-op housing. Indeed, one important implication of these findings is that the relatively affordable rents offered by co-ops are the long-term payoff of public investment in this housing.

8. Co-op housing is a cost effective way to subsidize low-income renters. One of the implications of this study’s findings is that there’s a smaller government subsidy required when a low-income household is in a co-op unit than in a private-market unit, even though many government rental allowance/benefit programs are used in private-market rental housing. For example, it costs far less to cover the gap between a low-income tenant’s rent payment in a $1,000 co-op unit than in a $1,500 market rent.

9. Similar research focused on other forms of community housing has found similar results. While the focus of this report is co-ops, the same logic applies to other forms of community housing (i.e., social housing). Indeed, previous research on other forms of social housing in Canada has yielded comparable findings.

10. Moderate rents in co-ops do not compromise the quality of housing. The condition of 97% of formerly federally administered co-op housing (which constitutes the majority of co-op housing in Canada) is rated as fair to excellent.

In sum. As we debate housing policy in Canada, it is important to be mindful of the long-term affordability created by co-op housing for people with a mix of income levels. This study can help practitioners, researchers, policy-makers and elected officials better understand this.

 

I wish to thank Dallas Alderson, Courtney Lockhart, Sylvia Regnier, Greg Suttor and Alex Tétreault for assistance with this blog post. I also wish to thank the Co-operative Housing Federation of Canada for use of the photo that appears above.

 

[1] These cities were chosen because of data availability. Co-ops in these cities are or were under federal administration, through which housing charge data was collected by the Agency for Co-operative Housing. This data is not similarly available for co-ops that are or were under provincial administration.

[2] The co-ops are “mature” in that most were developed 15 to 40 or more years before the study period started.